Analysis of cellular response to drugs with a microfluidic single-cell platform based on hyperspectral imaging.

BACKGROUND: Cellular response to pharmacological action of drugs is significant for drug development. Traditional detection method for cellular response to drugs normally rely on cell proliferation assay and metabolomics examination. In principle, these analytical methods often required cell labeling, invasion analysis, and hours of co-culture with drugs, which are relatively complex and time-consuming. Moreover, these methods can only indicate the drug effectiveness on cell colony rather than single cells. Thus, to meet the requirements of personal precision medicine, the development of drug response analysis on the high resolution of single cell is demanded. RESULTS: To provide precise result for drug response on single-cell level, a microfluidic platform coupled with the label-free hyperspectral imaging was developed. With the help of horizontal single-cell trapping sieves, hundreds of single cells were trapped independently in microfluidic channels for the purposes of real-time drug delivery and single-cell hyperspectral image recording. To significantly identify the cellular hyperspectral change after drug stimulation, the differenced single-cell spectrum was proposed. Compared with the deep learning classification method based on hyperspectral images, an optimal performance can be achieved by the classification strategy based on differenced spectra. And the cellular response to different reagents, for example, K+, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and Gefitinib at different concentrations can be accurately characterized by the differenced single-cell spectra analysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: The high-throughput, rapid analysis of cellular response to drugs at the single-cell level can be accurately performed by our platform. After systematically analyzing the materials and the structures of the single-cell microfluidic chip, the optimal single-cell trapping method was proposed to contribute to the further application of hyperspectral imaging on microfluidic single-cell analysis. And the hyperspectral characterization of single-cell with cancer drug stimulation proved the application potential of our method in personal cancer medication.

Rational Medium-Range Charge Transfer Strategy Toward Highly Efficient Violet-Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Narrowed Emission.

The spectral narrowing engineering of pure-organic emitters attracts great research interests in realizing high color purity. Here, the adjusted medium-range charge transfer (MCT) strategy of TIC-BO with rigid planar structure by fusing two typical UV-emitting multiple resonance (MR) fragments via the ingenious double-halide cyclized coupling reaction is reported. The resulting TIC-BO with MCT nature shows efficient violet-blue emission in dilute toluene and evaporated host-guest films, and desirably narrowed spectra are achieved by the suppression of structural relaxation and the shortened charge transfer states. The single-doped device with TIC-BO as emitter shows narrowed violet-blue electroluminescence peaked at 428 nm with full-width at half-maximum of 43 nm (0.28 eV), and the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage coordinates of (0.160, 0.050). A maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of 20.50% is achieved, which is among the best results of the corresponding violet-blue emitting region. Further introduction of a stronger electron-donating carbazole group makes TIC-BNO exhibit red-shifted sky-blue emission with MR-dominant properties, and good device performance is received with EQEmax of 34.58%. The outstanding performances of TIC-BO successfully demonstrate the significance and prospect of the proposed molecular design strategy.

Free Radical-Mediated Photocyclization of Triphenylphosphindole Oxides for Photoactivated and Self-Reported Lipid Peroxidation.

Photocyclization is demonstrated as a powerful tool for building complicated polycyclic molecules. And efficient photocyclization is competent as an artful strategy to develop photo-responsive smart materials. Herein, an efficient free radical-mediated photocyclization for triphenylphosphindole oxide (TPPIO) derivatives to generate tribenzophosphindole oxide (TBPIO) derivatives at ambient condition is reported. The reaction mechanism and substituent effect on photocyclization efficiency are thoroughly investigated. Additionally, photophysical and photochemical properties of TPPIO and TBPIO derivatives are measured for comparison and deeply deciphered by theoretical calculation. TPPIO derivatives own typical aggregation-induced emission feature but barely generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), while TBPIO derivatives experience aggregation-caused quenching but show efficient Type I ROS generation capacity. Further, in vitro experiments demonstrate that this photo-conversion can efficiently occur in situ in living cells to activate photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect to trigger lipid peroxidation with selective fluorescence "light up" in lipid droplet area under continuous irradiation. This work extends the optoelectronically and biologically interesting phosphindole oxide-containing π-conjugated systems through an efficient synthetic strategy, provides in-depth mechanistic descriptions in the aspects of reaction and property, and further presents their great potentials for photoactivated and self-reported PDT.

Assessing and mapping human well-being for sustainable development amid drought and flood hazards: Dadu River Basin of China.

Drought and flood are two of the most destructive natural disasters with the most significant impact and greatest losses in the Dadu River basin (DRB). However, their impacts on people's life have not attracted enough attention from scholars. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) describing the drought/flood situation and the Composite Index of Human Well-being (CIHW) are calculated, and a framework is further constructed to assess the impacts of drought and flood disasters on human well-being in the DRB. The results show that the annual and seasonal SPI in the DRB generally exhibit an increasing trend in fluctuations during 2000-2009, indicating a wetting climate in this basin. Overall, the upper reaches of the DRB have experienced an evolution of flood-drought-flood state transition, where the variation amplitude of the SPI in the western sub-basin is greater than that in the eastern sub-basin. In addition, the lower reaches of the DRB have suffered more dramatic and periodic changes from the drought/flood disasters in terms of the SPI. For human well-being during 2000-2019, Maerkang City in the upper reaches, Kangding City in the middle reaches, and Shimian County in the lower reaches of the DRB are at a relatively higher level, with the CIHW decreasing from administrative centers to the around. Moreover, the CIHW over the whole basin increases gradually from 2000 to 2019. The SPI has significantly negative effects on different capitals, following a descending order of financial, social, physical, human and natural capitals. The counties of the basin are divided into four groups, namely the group with high disaster risks and high human well-being, the group with high disaster risks and low human well-being, the group with low disaster risks and high human well-being, and the group with low disaster risks and low human well-being. The panel regression results suggest that the construction of water conservancy facilities, the financial inputs in agriculture and meteorology, and the educational level have positive impacts on human well-being, but the impacts differ from different groups. The construction of water conservancy facilities has highly significant impacts on human well-being in all groups; the education level has no significant impact on the group with high disaster risk and high human well-being, which has not passed the significance test; while the financial inputs in agriculture and meteorology have relatively higher impacts on the whole basin and on the group with low disaster risk and low human well-being compared with other groups. Therefore, it is suggested that the negative impacts of drought and flood disasters can be mitigated through strengthening infrastructure construction, responding appropriately to climate change, avoiding disasters at the source of major projects and improving the disaster prevention and mitigation systems.

Grazing greatly reduces the temporal stability of soil cellulolytic fungal community in a steppe on the Tibetan Plateau.

Excessive livestock grazing degrades grasslands ecosystem stability and sustainability by reducing soil organic matter and plant productivity. However, the effects of grazing on soil cellulolytic fungi, an important indicator of the degradation process for soil organic matter, remain less well understood. Using T-RFLP and sequencing methods, we investigated the effects of grazing on the temporal changes of cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure in dry steppe soils during the growing months from May to September, on the Tibetan Plateau using T-RFLP and sequencing methods. The results demonstrated that the abundance of soil cellulolytic fungi under grazing treatment changed significantly from month to month, and was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil temperature, but negatively correlated with soil pH. Contrastingly, cellulolytic fungal abundance did not change within the fencing treatment (ungrazed conditions). Cellulolytic fungal community structure changed significantly in the growing months in grazed soils, but did not change in fenced soils. Grazing played a key role in determining the community structure of soil cellulolytic fungi by explaining 8.1% of the variation, while pH and DOC explained 4.1% and 4.0%, respectively. Phylogenetically, the cellulolytic fungi were primarily affiliated with Ascomycota (69.65% in relative abundance) and Basidiomycota (30.35%). Therefore, grazing substantially reduced the stability of soil cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure, as compared with the fencing treatment. Our finding provides a new insight into the responses of organic matter-decomposing microbes for grassland managements.

[Isothermal amplification technology based on microfluidic chip].

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard for nucleic acid amplification in molecular diagnostics. The PCR includes multiple reaction stages (denaturation, annealing, and extension), and a complicated thermalcycler is required to repetitively provide different temperatures for different stages for 30-40 cycles within at least 1-2 hours. Due to the complicated devices and the long amplification time, it is difficult to adopt conventional PCR in point-of-care testing (POCT). Comparing to conventional PCR, isothermal amplification is able to provide a much faster and more convenient nucleic acid detection because of highly efficient amplification at a constant reaction temperature provided by a simple heating device. When isothermal amplification is combined with microfluidics, a more competent platform for POCT can be established. For example, various diagnosis devices based on isothermal amplification have been used to rapidly and conveniently detect SARS-CoV-2 viruses. This review summarized the recent development and applications of the microfluidics-based isothermal amplification. First, different typical isothermal amplification methods and related detection methods have been introduced. Subsequently, different types of microfluidic systems with isothermal amplification were discussed based on their characteristics, for example, functionality, system structure, flow control, and operation principles. Furthermore, detection of pathogens (e.g. SARS-CoV-2 viruses) based on isothermal amplification was introduced. Finally, the combination of isothermal amplification with other new technologies, e.g. CRISPR, has been introduced as well.

A life cycle assessment of an enterprise's low-carbon emissions model: The Xinjiang Shihezi pig farm faecal treatment biogas project as a case study.

The requirement of carbon emission reduction promotes the continuous implementation and development of low carbon emission mode in typical high-carbon industry aquaculture, especially in the resourceful treatment of terminal waste. However, the previous studies usually focus on a single process or chain, the difference between the long-chain (LC) and automated integration (AI) in the overall environmental impact needs to be quantified and standardised. This paper intends to make a comparative study on two waste treatment biogas projects of aquaculture, a typical industry with high resource consumption and pollution emission in industry and agriculture, and a typical production mode case of aquaculture. The life cycle assessment method is adopted to analyse the environmental impact intensity, identify key link materials, and put forward targeted improvement and optimization schemes. The study found the LC system's comprehensive environmental impact (CEI) is smaller, which is 59.73% less than the AI system. Biogas slurry returning to the field can effectively avoid inorganic fertilizer input. The pretreatment and storage of feces are the key stages. The key substances are NH3 and nitrogen oxides. Suggestions were put forward to optimize the manure management process. In practical pig farms, the process of dry-cleaning manure pre-treatment, automatic fermentation gas production and final biogas slurry filtration drip irrigation should be promoted.

Improving the spectral efficiency of visible light communications by a super-Nyquist multi-band CAP modulation.

In this Letter, we propose a flexible bandwidth compression scheme for visible light communication (VLC) systems employing multi-band carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation. The scheme combines a narrow filtering for every subband at the transmitter and an N-symbol look-up-table (LUT) based maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) at the receiver. The N-symbol LUT is generated by recording pattern-dependent distortions induced by inter-symbol-interference (ISI), inter-band-interference (IBI), and the other channel effects upon the transmitted signal. The idea is experimentally demonstrated on a 1 m free space optical transmission platform. The results show that the proposed scheme can improve the subband overlap tolerance up to 42% in subband overlapping scenarios, that is, 3 bit/s/Hz, which is the highest spectral efficiency (SE) among the experimented schemes.

Methods and platforms for analysis of nucleic acids from single-cell based on microfluidics.

Single-cell nucleic acid analysis aims at discovering the genetic differences between individual cells which is well known as the cellular heterogeneity. This technology facilitates cancer diagnosis, stem cell research, immune system analysis, and other life science applications. The conventional platforms for single-cell nucleic acid analysis more rely on manual operation or bulky devices. Recently, the emerging microfluidic technology has provided a perfect platform for single-cell nucleic acid analysis with the characteristic of accurate and automatic single-cell manipulation. In this review, we briefly summarized the procedure of single-cell nucleic acid analysis including single-cell isolation, single-cell lysis, nucleic acid amplification, and genetic analysis. And then, three representative microfluidic platforms for single-cell nucleic acid analysis are concluded as valve-, microwell-, and droplet-based platforms. Furthermore, we described the state-of-the-art integrated single-cell nucleic acid analysis systems based on the three platforms. Finally, the future development and challenges of microfluidics-based single-cell nucleic acid analysis are discussed as well.

Rapid PCR powered by microfluidics: A quick review under the background of COVID-19 pandemic.

PCR has been widely used in different fields including molecular biology, pathogen detection, medical diagnosis, food detection and etc. However, the difficulty of promoting PCR in on-site point-of-care testing reflects on challenges relative to its speed, convenience, complexity, and even cost. With the emerging state-of-art of microfluidics, rapid PCR can be achieved with more flexible ways in micro-reactors. PCR plays a critical role in the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Under this special background of COVID-19 pandemic, this review focuses on the latest rapid microfluidic PCR. Rapid PCR is concluded in two main features, including the reactor (type, size, material) and the implementation of thermal cycling. Especially, the compromise between speed and sensitivity with microfluidic PCR is explored based on the system ratio of (thermal cycling time)/(reactor size). Representative applications about the detection of pathogens and SARS-CoV-2 viruses based on rapid PCR or other isothermal amplification are discussed as well.

Intravenous immunoglobulin-based adjuvant therapy for severe COVID-19: a single-center retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major challenge facing the world. Certain guidelines issued by National Health Commission of the People's Repubilic of China recommend intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for adjuvant treatment of COVID-19. However, there is a lack of clinical evidence to support the use of IVIG. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study included all adult patients with laboratory-confirmed severe COVID-19 in the Respiratory and Critical Care Unit of Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Center, China. Patient information, including demographic data, laboratory indicators, the use of glucocorticoids and IVIG, hospital mortality, the application of mechanical ventilation, and the length of hospital stay was collected. The primary outcome was the composite end point, including death and the use of mechanical ventilation. The secondary outcome was the length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Of the 285 patients with confirmed COVID-19, 113 severely ill patients were included in this study. Compared to the non-IVIG group, more patients in the IVIG group reached the composite end point [12 (25.5%) vs 5 (7.6%), P = 0.008] and had longer hospital stay periods [23.0 (19.0-31.0) vs 16.0 (13.8-22.0), P < 0.001]. After adjusting for confounding factors, differences in primary outcomes between the two groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.167), however, patients in the IVIG group had longer hospital stay periods (P = 0.041). CONCLUSION: Adjuvant therapy with IVIG did not improve in-hospital mortality rates or the need for mechanical ventilation in severe COVID-19 patients. Our study does not support the use of immunoglobulin in patients with severe COVID-19 patients.

Seepage Time Soft Sensor Model of Nonwoven Fabric Based on the Extreme Learning Machine Integrating Monte Carlo.

Nonwoven fiber materials are materials with multifunctional purposes, and are widely used to make masks for preventing the new Coronavirus Disease 2019. Because of the complexity and particularity of their structure, it becomes difficult to model the penetration and flow characteristics of liquid in nonwoven fiber materials. In this paper, a novel seepage time soft sensor model of nonwoven fabric, based on Monte Carlo (MC), integrating extreme learning machine (ELM) (MCELM) is proposed. The Monte Carlo method is used to expand data samples. Then, an ELM method is used to establish the prediction model of the dyeing time of the nonwoven fiber material overlaps with the porous medium, as well as the insertion degree and height of the different quantity of hides. Compared with the back propagation (BP) neural network and radial basis function (RBF) neural network, the results show that the prediction model based on the MCELM method has significant power in terms of accuracy and prediction speed, which is conducive to the precise and rapid manufacture of nonwoven fiber materials in practical applications between liquid seepage characteristics and structural characteristics of porous media. Furthermore, the relationship between the proposed models has certain value for predicting the behavior and use of nonwoven fiber materials with different structural characteristics and related research processes.

Diffraction manipulation of visible light with submicron structures for structural coloration fabrication.

The structural coloration of glass induced by submicron structures is eco-friendly, ink-free, and has profound scientific significance. However, it is difficult to manufacture the submicron structures for glass optics due to the high hardness of glass and the miniature size of the microstructures. In this paper, the diffraction manipulation mechanism of groove shape to structural coloration and optimization theory are studied by establishing the theoretical and simulation mode. Moreover, a newly-developed axial-feed fly-cutting (AFC) technology and the PGM technology are introduced to precisely create the designed submicron V-shape grooves and structural color pattern on a Ni-P mold and then replicating them on a glass surface. Between these two kinds of typical submicron grooves that can be machined by mechanical cutting technology, it is found that the diffraction intensity and efficiency of V-shape grooves are higher than these of jagged-shape grooves, which indicates that V-shape grooves is more suitable to be used for structural coloration with high brightness. The structural color resolution is dramatically increased with the reduction of groove spacing and can be flexibly regulated by AFC, which significantly contributes to the structural coloration manufacturing. Structural pixel segments composed of submicron grooves are arranged row-by-row to form color patterns, and the letters of different colors are fabricated on the mold and transferred to the glass surface. Methods of optical diffraction manipulation, flexible manufacturing of submicron structures, and structural color image construction proposed in this paper for the production of a structural color pattern are beneficial to a wide range of fields.

Intramolecular charge transfer ampholytes with water-induced pendulum-type fluorescence variation.

Triphenylimidazole-based ampholytes with intramolecular charge transfer were designed with the introduction of carboxyl groups. In solution, the synergistic solvent and ionization effects on the ampholytes led to a unique pendulum-type fluorescence variation during the water content increasing process. Among them, 4-(4,5-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoic acid showed the most prominent three-step fluorescence switching property.

Shenmai Injection Upregulates Heme Oxygenase-1 to Confer Protection Against Severe Acute Pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: To explore the mechanism of Shenmai injection (SMI) on severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) through heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling. METHODS: A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (220-260 g) were grouped into the following four categories (n = 10): SAP + SMI + Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), SAP + SMI, SAP, and sham surgery groups. ZnPP is a specific inhibitor of HO-1. Four percent of sodium taurocholate (1 mL/kg) was retrogradely injected via the pancreatic duct to induce the SAP model. The SAP group rats received 1.6 mL/kg saline by intravenous injection 30 min after the induction of SAP. The SAP + SMI group rats received 1.6 mL/kg SMI by intravenous injection 30 min after the induction of SAP. The SAP + SMI + ZnPP group rats received an intravenous injection of 1.6 mL/kg SMI and intraperitoneal administration of 30 mg/kg ZnPP 30 min after the SAP induction. Twenty-four hours after the SAP induction, blood samples were collected for the measurement of amylase, lipase, creatinine, myeloperoxidase, interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and HO-1 level, while tissue specimens were harvested for the determination of HO-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 mRNA level. Meanwhile, histopathological changes in organs (pancreas, lung, and kidney) were stored. RESULTS: The serum concentration of amylase, lipase, creatinine, and myeloperoxidase was higher in the SAP group than in the SAP + SMI group. Treatment with SMI increased HO-1 and IL-10 level and reduced TNF-α level in serum and tissues compared to the SAP group (P < 0.05). Treatment with SMI abolished the organ-damaging effects of SAP (P < 0.05). Furthermore, suppression of HO-1 expression by ZnPP canceled the aforementioned effects. CONCLUSIONS: SMI confers protection against the SAP-induced systemic inflammatory response and multiple organs damage via HO-1 upregulation.

Distinct assembly mechanisms underlie similar biogeographical patterns of rare and abundant bacteria in Tibetan Plateau grassland soils.

Rare biosphere represents the majority of Earth's biodiversity and performs vital ecological functions, yet little is known about its biogeographical patterns and community assembly processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Herein, we investigated the community composition and phylogeny of rare (relative abundance <0.1%) and abundant (>1%) bacteria in dryland grassland soils on the Tibetan Plateau. Results revealed similar biogeographical patterns of rare and abundant bacteria at both compositional and phylogenetic levels, but rare subcommunity was more heavily influenced by stochasticity (72%) than the abundant (57%). The compositional variation of rare bacteria was less explained by environmental factors (41%) than that of the abundant (80%), while the phylogeny of rare bacteria (36%) was more explained than that of the abundant (29%). The phylogeny of rare bacteria was equally explained by local factors (soil and vegetation) and geospatial distance (11.5% and 11.9% respectively), while that of the abundant was more explained by geospatial distance (22.1%) than local factors (11.3%). Furthermore, a substantially tighter connection between the community phylogeny and composition was observed in rare (R2 = 0.65) than in abundant bacteria (R2 = 0.08). Our study provides novel insights into the assembly processes and biographical patterns of rare and abundant bacteria in dryland soils.

Evaluating the ecological benefits of plantations in arid areas from the perspective of ecosystem service supply and demand-based on emergy analysis.

Plantations can significantly improve the ecological environment of arid areas. However, in the arid area of Northwestern China, plantations consume several thousand cubic meters of water per hectare per year, which also has a negative effect. By evaluating the relationship between the supply and demand of ecosystem services, the positive and negative benefits of plantations can be effectively identified for regional sustainable development. This study took typical arid regions as examples and evaluated the changes in ecosystem services before and after the conversion of a desert shrub system to a plantation system based on emergy analysis. The relationship between the supply and demand of various ecosystem services from different stakeholder perspectives was investigated and combined with the degree of ecosystem service demand obtained from the participatory survey. Results showed the following. (1) The ecosystem services provided by vegetation increased, the ecosystem services provided by water resources decreased, and the total service decreased by 6.89E+17 sej. (2) The relationship between the supply and demand of ecosystem services provided by water resources was of the "low-high" type. Dust purification was of the "high-high" type, and carbon sequestration and soil conservation were of the "high-low" type. (3) From the perspective of citizens, the matching degrees of the supply and demand of dust purification and soil conservation services were 21.75% and 9.38% higher than those of farmers, respectively. From the perspective of farmers, the matching degrees of the supply and demand of water supply, water purification, power supply and sediment transport, and carbon sequestration were 9.90%, 10.96%, 3.22%, and 18.28% higher than those of citizens, respectively. In summary, attention should be given to the efficient use and conservation of water resources and the promotion of the coordinated development of ecosystem services by comparing the differences in matching degrees of supply and demand among different stakeholders when constructing plantations. Meanwhile, the distribution of water resources should be given attention to protect the water demand of citizens in a targeted manner for effectively improving the level of regional well-being.

Synthesis of nanocomposites using xylan and graphite oxide for remediation of cationic dyes in aqueous solutions.

Due to the rapid development of industrialization, the water resources on which we depend are facing unprecedented challenges. Dyes, as an indispensable substance in our lives, have caused great pollution to the water resources in nature, and the removal of dyes from wastewater is becoming an important topic. A porous xylan/poly(acrylic acid)/graphite oxide nanocomposite was prepared by graft polymerization and used for adsorption of cationic ethyl violet dye in wastewaters in this paper. Various techniques, i.e., Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, were used to study this composite. Adsorption isotherm measurements showed that the composite's adsorption behavior fits the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. Adsorption tests showed that this material has excellent adsorption properties; the maximum adsorption capacity for ethyl violet dye was 273.99 mg/g. Investigation of the adsorption mechanism indicated that electrostatic forces and π-π effects are mainly involved in adsorption. Desorption cycling tests showed that the adsorption efficiency of the composite was still over 95% after 3 cycles. These results show that this porous xylan/poly (acrylic acid)/graphite oxide nanocomposite has potential applications in cationic dye removal.

Translational and rotational manipulation of filamentous cells using optically driven microrobots.

Optical cell manipulation has become increasingly valuable in cell-based assays. In this paper, we demonstrate the translational and rotational manipulation of filamentous cells using multiple cooperative microrobots automatically driven by holographic optical tweezers. The photodamage of the cells due to direct irradiation of the laser beam can be effectively avoided. The proposed method will enable fruitful biomedical applications where precise cell manipulation and less photodamage are required.

Evaluation and simulation of the impact of land use change on ecosystem services based on a carbon flow model: A case study of the Manas River Basin of Xinjiang, China.

Land use change affects ecosystem services by changing the structure and function of ecosystems. Carbon flows throughout natural and socioeconomic systems can effectively reveal this process. The Manas River Basin has experienced rapid oasis expansion for decades, and land use change in the basin is very typical. Oasis expansion has caused a large amount of cropland to invade natural vegetation, thus affecting ecosystem services. This study used a biomass-based ecosystem service estimation model to assess changes in ecosystem services in the Manas River Basin. The carbon flow model was constructed using energy systems language, and the future development of ecosystem services was simulated based on different land use scenarios. The results show the following: (1) From 1980 to 2015, the river basin provisioning service was continuously optimized, while the regulating, supporting and cultural services were reduced. (2) If the expansion of cropland continues, then carbon will be transferred from the natural ecosystem to the cropland. Regulation, support and cultural services in the basin continue to decrease. Due to the shortage of water resources in the basin, the growth of provisioning services is limited. (3) If the project of returning cropland to grassland is implemented, then the carbon in the natural ecosystem will gradually recover. The regulating, supporting and cultural services of the river basin are rising, but provisioning services are gradually decreasing. In general, the model based on energy systems language can reflect the ecological process within the system and effectively reveal the carbon flow process between ecosystems. The use of carbon to quantify ecosystem services can harmonize dimensions, facilitate comparisons, and mitigate errors in outcomes due to different evaluation criteria or subjective factors. Therefore, this study combines energy systems language with carbon flow, which helps to more rationally explore the impact of land use change on ecosystem services, thereby providing valuable information for river basin management.